| Rule | Example |
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In-text citations may accompany text/sentences, figures, tables, and boxes. |
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Use the author-date citation system (Author, Year) for direct quotes For the author use surname only, no initials or suffixes. For the date use the publication year. |
(Clauson, 2022) |
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For indirect quotes or when paraphrasing another author's ideas, use the author's/authors' surname(s) in the running text with the date in parenthesis after their surname(s). |
Peritogiannis and Rizos (2021) noted that there is a paucity of evidence regarding newly onset catatonic symptoms and hyponatremia. |
| When more than 2 references are cited at a given place in the text, order them in the same way as they appear in the reference list (alphabetically), separated by a semi-colon. |
(Skaper, 2019; Helson, 2018) or Skaper (2019) and Helson (2018) both investigated.... |
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If citing a reference written by 2 authors, use the ampersand (&) between their last names. Do not use the ampersand if mentioning the authors in the body of the text.
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(Anderson & Gibbon, 2015)
In the body of the text: Anderson and Gibbon (2015)... |
| If citing a reference written by 3 or more authors, use the first author's name followed by "et. al.," |
(Griswold et al., 2018) or Griswold et al. (2018) argued... |
| If citing different authors with the same surname, add the initials of the authors' first/given names to distinguish them. |
(G. Cheng, 2017; M.H. Cheng, 2018) or G. Cheng (2017) and M.H. Cheng (2018) both studied the effects... |
| If citing two or more works written by the same author(s) in the same year, use the lower case letters (a,b,c) with the year in both the reference list and in-text citation |
(Fernandez et al., 2022a; Fernandez et al., 2022b) Research by Fernandez et al. (2022a) investigated the psychometric properties of the EuroQol-5d-5l; however a parallel study looked at the S-LANNS and the PainDETECT questionnaires (Fernandez et al., 2022b). |
| If citing a work written by an author identifying as "anonymous" use anonymous in place of the surname |
(Anonymous, 2018) An anonymous (2018) researcher argued.... |
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If citing a work written by a corporate group or a group of authors use the full-name. If the organization is recognized by its abbreviation, use the abbreviation in "[ ]" in the initial in-text citation. Then use the abbreviation in subsequent citations. |
(Saskatchewan Health Authority, 2018)
(Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health [CADTH], 2020) (CADTH, 2020) |
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If quoting a passage or referencing a specific page, you must include page numbers after the citation number. Indicate the page, chapter, figure, table, etc. as specifically as possible. Use of common abbreviations is acceptable: e.g. p. for page; para. for paragraph; etc. |
The following table outline the risks of mental health and wellbeing (Clark & Sousa, 2018, table 1). or Clark and Sousa (2018) outlined the risks of mental health and wellbeing in the following table (table 1). or The risks of mental health and wellbeing were outlined by Clark and Sousa (2018, table 1). |
